Sa simula ay napaniwala ng mga Amerikano ang mga Pilipino na ang Estados Unidos ay naglalayong tutulungan ang Filipinas na mapalaya sa malupit na kamay ng mananakop na Espanya. Hindi naglao’y nabunyag ang hangarin ng Estados Unidos sa Filipinas, nakasulat ito sa nilagdaang Kasunduan sa Paris ng Estados Unidos at nang Espanya. Sa halagang 20 milyon dolyares, isinalin ang kontrol ng Espanya sa buong kapuluan ng Filipinas sa pamamahala ng Amerika. Sumiklab ang marahas na digmaang Filipino – Amerikano kung saan maraming Pilipino kasama ang mga bata at sibilyan ang naghirap at nangamatay.
Ang layunin ng mga pananakop ay nakabase sa kasalukuyang pangangailangan noon, pang-pulitikal, pang-ekonomiya at pangrelihiyon.Ang pagkakaroon ng proteksyon sa mga pakikipagkalakalan ng Estados Unidos sa bansang Asya at sa Pasipiko; ang Filipinas ay nasa estratihikong lokasyon kung kaya dito itinatag ang base militar. Sa layuning pang-ekonomiya, ang pagtatag at pagpapalawak ng pamilihang Amerikano ay mas madali sa pamamagitan ng mga bansang kolonyal; napagkukuhanan ng maraming hilaw na materyales at bagsakan na rin ng mga produktong gawa nila. Alinsunod na rin ang pangrelihiyong layunin, ang pagpapalaganap ng Protestantismo at magsisilbing pahingahan at kanlungan ng kanilang mga misyonero. Ang implementasyon ay pinangasiwaang may diplomasya at may layung nasa estratihikong pamamaraan.
Samantala, noong ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig (1942 – 1945), ang pananakop ng Hapon ay naging karimarimarim, gamit ang marahas na pamamaraang pananakop. Ipinamalas ng bansang Hapon na pangunahan ang layuning pangpolitikal at pang-ekonomiya na magkaroon ng kakayanan ang Asyanong mga bansa, hiwalay sa mga kanluraning pamumuno at pananakop. Kamay na bakal ang patakarang pinairal sa ilalim ng temang “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sere.” Ngunit sa bandang huli, naging isang imperyalistang bansa ang nasa likod ng mga layuning ito. Gamit ang karahasan, hindi naging makatwiran ang bansang Hapon kung kaya hindi ito nagtagumpay. Takot ang namayani at pinairal sa mga Pilipino sa ilalim ng mga Hapones para magpasakop at sumunod ang marami. Samantala, ang ibang makabayan naman ay patuloy na nakipaglaban sa mga Hapon kasama ng mga Amerikanong kakampi.
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Hindi rin naging madali para sa mga Amerikano na kuhanin ang loob ng mga Pilipino sa simula ng pananakop nito. Nagkaroon ng hindi pag sang-ayon sa sangay ng mga kilusang repormista at maraming karahasan din ang nangyari kagaya ng masaker na maraming inosenteng bata at matatanda ang mga pinatay na hindi makatarungan.
Nagkaroon ng mga posisyon sa lokal na pamahalaan ang mga Pilipino noong panahon ng mga Amerikano, ito’y katugunan sa hinaing ng mga katutubo na hindi dininig ng Kastila sa panahon ng pamamahala nito. Bunga nito, marami ang pumanig na mga ilustrado sa pamamahala ng mga Amerikano at maging ang mga kilusang repormista.
Epekto ng mga pananakop sa mga Pilipino ay ang patuloy na pagsulong ng kaisipang nasyonalismo sa maraming pamamaraan, ito’y marahas man o payapa, pakikipagkasundo sa kakampi o tahasang pagsalungat sa mananakop.
History Of The Philippines (1565–1898)
Naghangad ang mga Pilipino na sila-sila ang mamuno sa sarili nilang bayan at nagkaroon ng pagkakataong maluklok sa mga pwesto sa pamahalaan hanggang sa tuluyang itong namayani. Nagbunga ang pakikipaglaban sa mga mananakop kahit pa ang naging kabayaran nito ay pagdanak ng dugo at pagbuwis ng maraming buhay, at mga hindi masapantahang pagpapahirap sa panig ng mga lumaban. Sa wakas, nakamtan din ang inaasam na kasarinlan ng bayang mahal.(12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippine islands in the mid-16th ctury.
He was joined by Guido de Lavezares, relative Martin de Goiti, friar Andrés de Urdaneta, and his grandsons Juan and Felipe de Salcedo, in the expedition. Legazpi established the first Spanish settlemt in the East Indies after his expedition crossed the Pacific Ocean, arriving in Cebu in 1565. He became the first Governor-Geral of the Spanish East Indies, which was administered from New Spain for the Spanish crown. It also compassed other Pacific islands, namely Guam, the Mariana Islands, Palau, and the Carolinas. After obtaining peace with various indigous tribes and kingdoms, he made Cebu City the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1565 and later transferred to Manila in 1571.
A curious coincidce that his birthday 12th of June became the Philippine Declaration of Indepdce from Spain in 1898 during the term of Diego de los Rios who served as the last Spanish Governor-Geral of the Philippines.
Gawain 2. Itala Natin!nasakop Na Bansa1.pilipinas •bansang Nanakop •dahila Ng Pananakop •paraan Ng
Miguel López de Legazpi was born on 12 June 1502 in the town of Zumarraga in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, Spain. His family was wealthy and held important positions in the military and in municipal administration. His father, Juan de Legazpi, was a soldier who fought under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba in the Italian Wars. Later, he led troops against a Frch army in the Spanish province of Guipúzcoa. His mother, Elvira de Gurruchátegui, also belonged to a distinguished provincial family.
The details of his education are unknown, but based on his later work and administrative positions it seems likely that he received training in law. While his father was still alive, López de Legazpi worked as a councilor in the municipal governmt of his town. After his father's death in 1527, his older brother inherited the family wealth and leadership positions.
Around 1528 Legazpi settled in New Spain, the Spanish colony rectly created from the conquests of Hernán Cortés in Mexico. He likely left home to seek new opportunities but the exact circumstances of his move are unclear. He may have be part of the retinue of Juan de Zumárraga, a fellow Basque who was appointed by Charles V to become the first bishop and inquisitor in New Spain.
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After his arrival, Legazpi served in a number of positions both civil and ecclesiastical. For a while he was clerk of the mint. He was th secretary of the municipal council and became alcalde mayor of Mexico City in 1559. He also served in the Court of Inquisition and was involved in several inquisitorial processes betwe 1536 and 1543. In recognition of his service, he was awarded several land grants and privately acquired additional property in the capital and in the territory of Michoacán.
In 1532 he married Isabel Garcés, the sister of Julián Garcés, first bishop of Tlaxcala. The couple had nine childr, four boys and five girls. At some time before 1559 his wife died. His oldest daughter, Teresa, had two childr, Felipe and Juan, who participated with their grandfather in the conquest of the Philippines.
In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy, Luís de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean, to find the Spice Islands where the earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by King Philip II of Spain. The viceroy died in July 1564, but the Audicia and López de Legazpi completed the preparations for the expedition.
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And the remaining, Spaniards, sailed from the port of Barra de Navidad, New Spain, in what is now Jalisco state, Mexico (other sources give the date as 1 November 1564, and mtion 'four ships and 379 m') the flagship nao San Pabló, the almiranta San Pedro, and the pinnaces San Juan and San Lucas.
Members of the expedition included six Augustinian missionaries, in addition to Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta, who served as navigator and spiritual adviser,
Melchor de Legazpi (Miguel López de Legazpi's son), Felipe de Salcedo (one of Miguel López de Legazpi's grandsons), and Guido de Lavezarez (a survivor of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition).
Una At Ikalawang Yugto Ng Kolonyalismo At Imperyalismo Ng Mga Kanluranin Sa Asya
López de Legazpi and his m sailed the Pacific Ocean for 93 days. In 1565, they landed in the Mariana Islands, where they briefly anchored and replished their supplies. There they fought with Chamorro tribes and burned several huts.
López de Legazpi's expedition anchored off the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu on 13 February 1565, but did not put ashore due to opposition from natives.
On 22 February 1565, the expedition reached the island of Samar and made a blood compact with its chief, Datu Urrao. The Spaniards th proceeded to Limasawa and were received by Datu Bankaw, th to Bohol, where they befrided Datu Sikatuna (or Catunao
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On 27 April 1565, the expedition returned to Cebu and landed there. Rajah Tupas challged the Spaniards, but was overpowered. The Spaniards established a colony, naming the settlemts Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesús (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an image of Sto. Niño in one of the native houses.
In 1568, the Portuguese attempted a blockade of Cebu to expel the Spaniards. The Spanish colony proved to be resistant to the blockade and the Portuguese fleet withdrew as it suffered from an outbreak of typhoid fever.
In 1569, due to a scarcity of food provisions in Cebu, López de Legazpi transferred to Panay town on the island of Panay. Subsequtly, they founded a second settlemt, th named Capiz and now the city of Roxas in Capiz province, located on the bank of the Panay River. In 1570, López de Legazpi st Juan de Salcedo, his grandson who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had be plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also